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Abstract This theoretical research aims to explore the possibility of agriculture in space and understand the challenges it faces, given the importance of this process in supporting long-term space missions. Successful agriculture in space is a vital solution for sustaining extraterrestrial life, especially in environments such as Mars or the Moon, where it is difficult to return to Earth for a supply Research question or hypotheses: The main question of the research is: “What are the challenges facing agriculture in space?” This is divided into hypotheses regarding scientific and technological challenges and how to overcome them. The independent variable is the challenges (such as lack of gravity and radiation), while the dependent variable is the success of agriculture in space environments. Methodology: The research is based on theoretical analysis and previous studies using the method and descriptive. Previous experiments performed on the ISS and other space stations are analyzed. The research focused on hydroponic and pneumatic farming mechanisms and plant health monitoring techniques using machine vision techniques.