Bio-luminescent San Deigo, California!

Late last week, Pacific Ocean visitors near San Diego, California, USA were able to see an amazing sight that doesn’t happen very often… glowing waves!

So what exactly is the process that causes the glowing waves?

Algae!  This particular type of algae, Lingulodinium polyedrum, began blooming in late August.  During the day, the waters off the coast of California turn a brownish-red color, according to The University of California – San Diego scientists.  Take a look at what this microorganism looks like under a microscope:

Picture of Lingulodinium polyedrum

Image from The Smithsonian

But while the ocean during the day looks quite murky, the ocean at night is a much more exciting experience.  Each microorganism will give off a flash of blue light when moved around.  So while one of these organisms is difficult to see in such a large body of water, imagine uncountable numbers being moved all at once!  For more information on the chemistry behind bio-luminescence, take a look at The University of California – Santa Barbara’s website dedicated to this phenomena.

Typically algae blooms are not welcome in bodies of water. Harmful algal blooms can cause significant problems for humans and sea life.  This specific type of algae produces mild toxins that can harm sea life, while only causing minor sinus and ear infections in humans who swim in algae infested waters.

While the most favorable conditions for algae blooms aren’t readily understood, many scientists believe the right combination of available nutrients, nutrient ratio, and water temperature are the main causes.  So a GLOBE school that is near the ocean may be able to use hydrology protocols, such as water temperature, to monitor water temperatures and note the relationship between temperature and algae growth.

If you live in Southern California, and you are able to head to the beaches, you’re in for a site!  If you live in another part of the world, here’s a video from Man’s Best Media showing the electrifying effect of this algae.

Red tides don’t only occur on the Pacific Coast of the United States.  They can occur off the coast of Australia, The United Kingdom, and Chile.  For example, in 2010, more toxic algae bloomed in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Sweden.  Here’s an image of this bloom, taken by the European Space Agency’s Envisat satellite on July 11th, from the BBC.

2010 Baltic Sea Red Tide

-jm

Posted in Backyard Science, Hydrology | Leave a comment

NOAA – State of the Climate: The importance of data

Recently NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) released the 2010 State of the Climate. The State of the Climate is an annual report that summarizes the climate conditions around the world over the time period of a calendar year. All the reports are available online through the National Climatic Data Center website. [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/2010.php]

The annual State of the Climate is a record of the conditions around the globe and provides an excellent reference for beginning studies of climate. If you are participating in the GLOBE Student Climate Research Campaign [www.globe.gov/scrc], you might consider using the most recent report – or bits of information from it relevant to your location or region – as a resource in the classroom or as baseline knowledge.

The full report is rather long and provides detailed summaries of: Global climate, Global Oceans, Tropics, The Arctic, Antarctica, Seasonal Summaries and Regional Climates. The Regional climates map very closely to the six GLOBE Regions. [http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/bams-sotc/2010/bams-sotc-2010-chapter7-regional-climates-lo-rez.pdf] If you were to read the full report, the main thing that you would note is that all of the statements and summaries are based on data. As you are aware, scientists base their claims and hypotheses on data – if you have ever conducted a research investigation as part of GLOBE, you collected data through protocols or acquired data through the GLOBE dataset or another dataset.

Datasets that are comprehensive, meaning they have a high density of observations both spatially (distance) and temporally (time), are critical for the ability to fully analyze the state of the Earth. The scientific community has identified several variables that are very important to the study of climate. These Essential Climate Variables – or ECVs – are defined by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). They have identified certain variables as being the most critical pieces of information to building a complete picture of Earth’s climate.
[GCOS ECV: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/index.php?name=EssentialClimateVariables]

A sub-set of the Essential Climate Variables included in the 2011 State of the Climate report are considered “fully monitored”. This means that across much of the world they are monitored and analyzed and are documented in a long-term dataset. The atmospheric surface variables are many of the same variables GLOBE students have been collecting for 1.5 decades! They include: air temperature, precipitation, air pressure, and water vapor.

Much more data is required to fully monitor climate. If you visit the GCOS Essential Climate Variables website you will see the full listing. The NOAA State of the Climate report identifies several other climate variables that are very important and considered in their report – again, many linking directly to GLOBE protocols: soils moisture, permafrost, biomass, surface ground temperature, and land cover.

By participating in GLOBE and in the Student Climate Research Campaign, you can assist this global effort of monitoring Earth’s climate by collecting and entering data using GLOBE protocols. The starting point for data collection using GLOBE protocols for the SCRC includes air temperature, precipitation, soil temperature and land cover. Which Essential Climate Variables do you currently collect and report? Which ones would you consider adding to help monitor Mother Earth? Share with us on Facebook (GLOBE Science Network) or Twitter (@GLOBE_Program) or post a comment here!

BAMS State of the Climate Report (2010 – 2005)
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/

NOAA/NCDC State of the Climate Global Analysis – July 2011
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2011/7

-dc

Posted in Climate, Climate Change, Earth System Science, Field Campaigns | 5 Comments

Climate and Land Cover Project – beginning July 1, 2011!

Starting tomorrow, July 1, 2011, the Climate and Land Cover (CLC) Project will commence! This project is a joint research effort between GLOBE schools around the world and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) scientists in the United States. The purpose is to use data collected by students to improve current land cover classifications, which can also improve climate models that need to use land cover data. As a fellow atmospheric scientist once said to me, if you put bad data into your model, you’re going to get bad data out. So an improvement in land cover should help improve the model, even if only slightly.

Why is it important to participate in this project? First, by collecting land cover data, you will be contributing scientific data for global climate research. By having GLOBE schools in over 111 countries, the potential is there to collect a wide variety of land cover data. In the following video, Dr. Sandy MacDonald, GLOBE’s first Director and lead NOAA project scientist, talks about the value of student-collected data.

In addition to contributing to scientific data, students are able to develop their understanding of scientific research, land cover, and climate science. By participating in this project, we hope that students will understand standardized scientific methods for observing, classifying, and recording land cover data; understand several different land cover classification schemes based upon satellite imagery of Earth’s surface; and understand how ground-based observational data can be used to verify satellite imagery of Earth and refine climate models.

If you’re a school that has a GLOBE trained and certified teacher, you can participate in this research project! If there are no GLOBE teachers in your school, you can find information on how to become a certified teacher on the GLOBE website.

This project is scheduled to run from July 1 through July 31, 2011. GLOBE schools are asked to collect and upload land cover data through pictures of one or more study sites throughout this Intensive Observing Period (IOP). This IOP will recur approximately every three months, and schools that participate now are strongly encouraged to re-photograph their land cover site during each subsequent IOP.

To find more information about this project, and meet the scientists involved, be sure to visit the CLC project page.

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Scientists’ blog relaunch!

The GLOBE Program is excited to announce the relaunch of the GLOBE Scientists’ Blog! This blog will be a place where GLOBE Scientists can share their thoughts about a variety of scientific topics. In January 2011, three new scientists from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, CO joined the GLOBE Program Office as support to the Science and Education team. These three scientists are Duncan Axisa, Jessica Mackaro, and Sarah Tessendorf.

Duncan Axisa is an Associate Scientist at NCAR’s Research Applications Laboratory. Duncan is responsible for a set of instruments that are operated on research aircraft during field experiments. His interests lie primarily in aerosol and cloud studies using airborne platforms. Duncan has special expertise in instrumentation that measure atmospheric properties and collect data on the physics of tiny particulates that are suspended in the atmosphere. These data are extremely important for understanding cloud and precipitation formation as well as the atmospheric environment in which they occur. Duncan has worked on several intensive field campaigns including measurement flights in the California Sierra Nevada, the U.S. Southwest and Southern Plains, the Texas Gulf Coast, the Istanbul metropolitan area, the Saudi Arabian desert and the Indian monsoon region.

Duncan earned a master’s degree from Texas A&M University in Atmospheric Science after coming to the United States from the Mediterranean island nation of Malta, where he worked as a meteorologist and tought math and physics. He received his bachelor’s degree in education there, too, where he focused his dissertation on curriculum development in aviation meteorology at the University of Malta. Due to his specialized knowledge, Duncan assists The GLOBE Program with instrumentation-related tasks and provides specific scientific support to the Science and Education Team.

Jessica Mackaro is an Associate Scientist at NCAR’s Earth System Laboratory. Jessica’s general area of research is climate variability and climate change research, primarily in relation to the global energy and water cycles. She has studied various reanalysis datasets and their ability to simulate the changing energy and water cycles. Due to her specialized training in climate, Jessica assists the GLOBE program with the new Student Climate Research Campaign (SCRC) as well as provides scientific support to other projects. Jessica is excited to be working with the GLOBE program, as it gives her the opportunity to relate her research interests the engagement and education of teachers and students.

Jessica’s interest in atmospheric science began as a child, specifically with regards to tropical cyclones. She attended Millersville University in Millersville, PA where she obtained a bachelor’s degree in Meteorology and a bachelor’s degree in Mathematics. From there she moved to Huntsville, AL, where she obtained her master’s degree in Atmospheric Science, working with a group of NASA Scientists to examine tropical cyclone development in NASA’s earth system model.

Sarah Tessendorf is a Project Scientist at NCAR’s Research Applications Laboratory. Sarah’s general area of research is cloud physics, focusing on aerosol impacts on clouds and precipitation. She also works with computer modelers to improve and validate cloud microphysics model parameterizations using observations from radars, raindrop disdrometers, and other surface measurements. She has studied hail formation in severe storms, lightning, and cloud seeding effects on rain formation. She considers herself primarily to be an “observationalist”; working mostly with radar and in situ cloud and aerosol measurements, but she also has experience using cloud models for microphysical studies.

Sarah became fascinated by weather, especially severe storms and tornadoes, as a young child growing up in Kansas and Nebraska. She went on to earn her bachelor’s degree in Meteorology/Climatology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and then she moved to Colorado, where she received her master’s and doctorate degrees from Colorado State University in Atmospheric Science.

Some of Sarah’s unique experiences include her involvement with a UCAR student program called SOARS (Significant Opportunities in Atmospheric Research and Science), initially as a student (referred to as a protégé in the program), then as a Steering Committee member, and currently as a mentor. Through her involvement with the SOARS program, Sarah became interested in working with students and education and outreach. She has completed formal education in multicultural curriculum development, as well as has a variety of experiences leading workshops for students and science teachers. She is also an instructor at the University of Colorado-Boulder, where she has taught the introductory course on weather and the atmosphere.

Sarah’s mission when it comes to working in education and outreach is to help create a more scientifically literate population, which is what she hopes to work on as part of GLOBE. She is very much interested in how to effectively teach and engage students in science, especially those with a variety of different learning styles who may not always excel in science if taught with traditional methods. She would also like to help GLOBE expand to more schools and to work with more scientists, thus helping to bridge the gap between science and the classroom.

Each scientist is helping to prepare for the SCRC, coming in September. From the SCRC website: “The SCRC aims to engage students in measuring, investigating, and understanding the climate system in their local communities and around the world. Drawing on GLOBE protocols and data, as well as other datasets, students take climate-related measurements and investigate research questions about climate.”

Participation in this campaign will allow students to contribute to climate science studies, connect with other schools and classrooms across the globe, and be inspired to explore and conduct research experiments of their own, all with the goal of increasing awareness of climate-related environmental issues and Earth as a system.

This campaign is designed around three distinct components, and can be used individually or in conjunction with each other. These components are intensive observing periods (IOPs), research investigations, and climate foundations. Each component can be found on the SCRC website in greater detail.

All GLOBE schools are encouraged to join in the SCRC and can join by clicking on the link on the SCRC homepage. We, the scientists of The GLOBE Program Office, look forward to working with our student scientists throughout the world throughout the course of the SCRC. We also look forward to engaging in conversation with you here on this blog!

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Thanks to all Contributors to the Blog

February 2011
GLOBE extends thanks to all the scientists, teachers and students who have contributed to this blog over the past five years. This blog is currently inactive, but we encourage you to peruse through the postings and learn more about all aspects of the Earth system.

Posted in General Science | Leave a comment